During the secession crisis of 1861, Sam Houston, former president of the Republic of Texas and then governor, refused to swear allegiance to the Confederate States and predicted that the South would lose the coming Civil War. Convinced that secession would bring disaster, he opposed taking Texas into the Confederacy and instead pushed for the reestablishment of an independent Texas or continued union with the United States. When he would not support secession, Texas leaders deposed him from the governorship.
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